The technology

EMS Technology

EMS — Electrical Muscle Stimulation — sends controlled electrical impulses through electrodes on the skin to activate the motor nerves and produce targeted muscle contractions. The same technology is used on the small muscles of the face, for tone, lift and definition, and on the larger muscles of the body, for activation, conditioning and recovery.

Hero image or video to addOne person guiding the handheld device along the jaw, another with EMS pads on the abdomen or thigh, in a calm, minimal AELVAY space.Shopify field: “main_media”
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A face-and-body frame — ideally two beats in one image or a short cut: one person guiding a handheld EMS device along the jaw / cheek, and the same or another person with EMS pads on the abdomen or thigh. Calm and composed, the treated muscle subtly responding.
Subject / scene
One or two people, natural skin, minimal make-up, athletic-casual for the body shot. A quiet minimal AELVAY space — spa-meets-studio. No packaging, no clutter.
Camera angle
Eye-level or a very slight low angle; 50–85mm look. Face shot three-quarter so jawline and device read; body shot mid-length so the pad placement reads.
Framing
The working area and the device / pads always readable. If one image: face on one side, body on the other, or a clean split.
Lighting
Soft, warm, directional key from camera-left; gentle fill; no hard shadows and no clinical blue-white light.
AELVAY colours
Neutrals only — #DFD9D2 walls, #B1A497 surfaces, natural skin. Any device light reads warm.
Desktop composition
Full-bleed 16:9 band, subjects weighted to the right two-thirds, clean negative space top-left for the heading.
Mobile composition
A tighter vertical crop — either the face beat or a stacked face-over-body composition — uploaded to the separate mobile field.
Dimensions & aspect ratio
Desktop 16:9, ≥ 2800px wide. Mobile 4:5, ≥ 1400px wide.
Video duration
Optional 8–15s silent loop — a slow glide of the facial device, then a body contraction. MP4 H.264, ≤ 10MB.
Text-safe area
Upper-left third clear on desktop; top 30% clear on mobile.
Caption
One technology — a controlled workout for the muscles of the face and the body.
Alt text
A person using an AELVAY EMS device on the face, and EMS pads on the body, the muscle responding.
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The process

How EMS works

Every muscle contracts when its nerve tells it to. EMS provides that instruction electrically, so a muscle can be worked directly and repeatedly. The process is the same whether the target is a small facial muscle or a large body muscle group — only the strength of the current and the size of the contacts change.

  1. Electrodes deliver controlled electrical impulses

    Two contacts on the skin — with conductive gel where the device needs it — carry a precise, low-voltage pulse into the tissue. You set the intensity and stay in control throughout.

  2. Motor nerves receive the signal

    The pulse reaches the motor nerve of the muscle beneath — the same nerve your brain uses to move that muscle — and briefly triggers it.

  3. Targeted face or body muscles contract

    The nerve fires the muscle and it contracts, then releases. EMS repeats this many times a second, isolating muscles that ordinary movement barely reaches.

  4. Repeated activation supports tone and conditioning

    Like any workout, the effect builds with repetition. Over a course of sessions the treated muscles hold more tone — supporting lift and definition on the face, and conditioning and recovery on the body.

Voluntary movement begins in the brain: a signal travels down a motor nerve, reaches the muscle, and the muscle contracts. EMS supplies that signal from outside the body — a controlled pulse depolarises the motor nerve, an impulse runs to the muscle, and a contraction follows, with no conscious effort.

The strength of the effect is set by three things you or the device control: frequency (pulses per second), pulse width (how long each pulse lasts) and amplitude (the current). Because the contraction is driven electrically, EMS can recruit muscle fibres in a fuller, less selective pattern than a light voluntary effort — which is why it has been used for decades in physiotherapy and sports science to strengthen and re-educate muscle. On the face this is applied gently to the small expression and support muscles; on the body it is applied at higher intensity to groups such as the core, glutes and thighs.

Neuromuscular mechanism animation to addA short looping cross-section: a pulse travels from an electrode to the motor nerve, the muscle contracts, then releases.Shopify field: “scientific_diagram”
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An animated sequence: electrode on the skin → an electrical pulse travels in → it reaches the motor nerve → the nerve fires → the facial muscle contracts → the muscle relaxes → reset.
Illustration view
A shallow cross-section of facial tissue (skin, a labelled motor nerve, one target muscle) with the two electrode contacts on the surface.
Style
Clean line illustration on flat #DFD9D2, 1.25pt #251A12 strokes, one warm accent (#B56A5C) for the travelling pulse. Labels in the heading font, small caps. Not photoreal, not cartoon.
Framing
The nerve-to-muscle path runs left-to-right or top-to-bottom; keep the contraction visibly different from the relaxed state.
Motion
10–16s seamless loop, calm easing. Pulse → fire → contract → release → hold → repeat.
AELVAY colours
#DFD9D2 ground, #251A12 lines, #B56A5C pulse accent, #7F7163 for secondary labels.
Desktop composition
Full-width within the text column, 16:9.
Mobile composition
Same artwork at 4:3 — labels legible at 360px (min 11px type); stack the key if needed.
Dimensions & aspect ratio
2400 × 1350px, or vector. Video: MP4 H.264, ≤ 12MB, 1080p.
Text-safe area
8% margin all round for labels.
Caption
An external pulse activates the motor nerve; the muscle contracts, then releases.
Alt text
Diagram of an EMS pulse travelling from an electrode to a motor nerve and contracting a facial muscle.
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Benefits

What EMS can do for the face and body

Every effect below comes from one mechanism — a controlled contraction, repeated. On the face, a randomized controlled facial NMES trial measured an 18.6% gain in zygomaticus-major thickness over 12 weeks, with more than 80% of participants reporting firmer, more lifted skin. On the body, systematic reviews credit NMES with real gains in muscle strength and size.

Face

  • Facial muscle activation

    Each pulse fires the motor nerve and contracts the target muscle, working it through repetitions it would never get from expression alone.

    Motor-nerve stimulation
  • Firmer-looking facial contours

    Repeated contraction is resistance training for the face. Over a course of sessions it supports firmer, more defined contours.

    Repeated contraction
  • Cheek support

    Activating the zygomaticus and cheek muscles that lift the mid-face helps restore a supported, fuller-looking cheek.

    Mid-face muscles
  • Jawline definition

    Working the lower-face and jaw muscles helps sharpen the look of the jawline and the chin-to-neck transition.

    Lower-face muscles
  • Reduced appearance of sagging

    By strengthening the muscles that hold facial tissue in place, EMS helps counter the loosened, downward look that builds with age.

    Muscle support
  • Improved skin elasticity

    Controlled facial NMES studies report measurable gains in skin elasticity alongside the muscle work.

    Measured in trials
  • Improved appearance of wrinkles

    Better underlying muscle tone and circulation are linked with a smoother, less-creased surface in facial-EMS trials.

    Tone + circulation
  • Blood-flow support

    Every contraction pumps blood through the treated area; studies measure increased facial blood flow after EMS.

    Contraction pump
  • Reduced temporary puffiness

    The pumping action helps move fluid out of the tissue, so the face can look less puffy straight after a session.

    Fluid movement
  • A lifted, refreshed appearance

    Most people see an immediate freshened, subtly lifted look; with consistency it becomes easier to maintain.

    Immediate + cumulative

Body

  • Targeted muscle activation

    A pulse fires the motor nerve of a chosen muscle and contracts it on demand, so a specific group can be worked directly.

    On-demand contraction
  • Neuromuscular recruitment

    EMS recruits more motor units at once than a light voluntary effort, reaching the deeper, harder-to-activate fibres.

    Deeper fibres
  • Muscle-conditioning support

    Repeated contractions add training volume — a supplement to resistance work, or a way to keep conditioning ticking over on rest days.

    Added training volume
  • Improved appearance of muscle tone

    Regular activation supports firmer, more defined-looking muscle in the treated area.

    Regular activation
  • Core activation

    EMS reaches the abdominal and deep core muscles that are difficult to isolate with voluntary effort alone.

    Deep trunk muscles
  • Glute and leg activation

    Targeted stimulation of the glutes, thighs and calves — useful when these muscles are under-recruited in daily movement.

    Under-used movers
  • Support for hard-to-activate muscles

    Where an injury, a long desk day or simple habit has left a muscle switched off, EMS can help re-establish the connection to it.

    Mind-muscle connection
  • Recovery and soreness support

    Low-frequency EMS after training is used to ease delayed-onset muscle soreness and support the return to normal movement.

    Post-training
  • Circulation support

    Each contraction acts as a pump, moving blood and fluid through the treated area.

    Contraction pump
  • Convenient support in a routine

    A low-effort way to add muscle work at home, at a desk or alongside a normal training plan.

    At home or desk

Treatment areas

Where EMS works

EMS is used on the small muscles of the face — for tone, lift and definition — and on the large muscle groups of the body — for activation, conditioning and recovery. These are the main areas it can target.

Face

The small expression and support muscles. EMS is applied here gently and precisely.

  • Temporalis

    A fan-shaped muscle over the temple. It closes the jaw and contributes to the taut, supported look of the upper face.

  • Zygomaticus major

    Runs from the cheekbone to the corner of the mouth — the main smile muscle and a principal lifter of the mid-face.

  • Cheek area

    The malar soft tissue and the small levator muscles beneath it that give the cheek its fullness, height and lift.

  • Masseter

    The powerful muscle at the angle of the jaw. It shapes the lower face and drives chewing strength.

  • Buccinator

    The deep cheek muscle that holds the cheek firm against the teeth and supports the mid-face from within.

  • Lower face & jawline

    The platysma and the depressor muscles around the jaw and chin that define the jawline and the neck transition.

Facial-muscle and electrode-position illustration to addAn original AELVAY facial-muscle map with the muscles EMS targets labelled and example electrode positions.Shopify field: “anatomy_diagram”
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An original AELVAY facial-muscle map — front-facing anatomy with the muscles EMS targets labelled: temporalis, zygomaticus major, the cheek / malar area, masseter, buccinator, and the lower-face & jawline muscles (platysma / depressors).
Illustration view
Front-facing (full face, symmetrical). Optionally a small three-quarter inset for the jawline muscles.
Electrode-position examples
2–4 discreet dots or pads showing typical contact points — one on the cheek over the zygomaticus, one along the jaw over the masseter, one at the lower jaw / chin. Keep them subtle, clearly a reference not a diagram of a specific device.
Style
Line illustration, 1.25pt #251A12 strokes on #DFD9D2, muscles filled with a light #B1A497 wash, electrode points in #B56A5C. Anatomical but elegant — not a textbook plate.
Labels
Muscle names in the heading font, small caps, on thin leader lines to the right and left. A short key for the electrode dots.
AELVAY colours
#DFD9D2 ground, #B1A497 muscle fill, #251A12 lines and labels, #B56A5C electrode points.
Desktop composition
Centred, 3:2 or 4:3, face filling ~70% of the height, labels in the side margins.
Mobile composition
Portrait redraw at 3:4 — labels above/below rather than in narrow side margins; type ≥ 11px.
Dimensions & aspect ratio
≥ 2400px wide, or vector. 3:2 desktop / 3:4 mobile.
Text-safe area
Outer 6% clear; keep leader lines inside the frame.
Caption
The main facial muscles EMS can target, and where the contacts typically sit.
Alt text
A front-facing illustration of the facial muscles EMS targets, with example electrode positions.
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Body

The larger movers and postural muscles. EMS is applied at higher intensity with larger pads, following the device's placement guide.

  • Abdomen & core

    The rectus abdominis, the obliques and the deep transverse abdominis — the muscles that stabilise the trunk and are hardest to isolate voluntarily.

  • Glutes

    Gluteus maximus, medius and minimus — major movers of the hip that are commonly under-active after long periods of sitting.

  • Thighs

    The quadriceps at the front and the hamstrings at the back — large groups central to walking, squatting and knee stability.

  • Calves

    Gastrocnemius and soleus — the lower-leg muscles that drive push-off and help pump blood back toward the heart.

  • Arms

    Biceps, triceps and forearms — for targeted conditioning or re-activation after a period of reduced use.

  • Back & shoulders

    The trapezius, rhomboids and posterior shoulder — postural muscles that respond well to added activation.

Body-muscle and electrode-position illustration to addAn original AELVAY body-muscle map, front and back, with the muscle groups EMS targets and example pad positions.Shopify field: “body_anatomy_diagram”
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An original AELVAY body-muscle map — a front-and-back figure (or two figures side by side) with the groups EMS targets labelled: abdomen & core, glutes, thighs (quads + hamstrings), calves, arms (biceps / triceps), and back & shoulders (trapezius / rhomboids).
Illustration view
Full figure, front view + back view. Neutral standing pose, no face detail needed.
Electrode-position examples
2 pad positions per group shown as rounded rectangles over the muscle belly — e.g. two on the abdomen, two on each glute, two on the quad. Subtle, a reference not a specific device.
Style
Line illustration matching the facial diagram — 1.25pt #251A12 strokes on #DFD9D2, muscle groups filled with a light #B1A497 wash, pad positions in #B56A5C. Elegant, not a textbook plate.
Labels
Group names in the heading font, small caps, on thin leader lines. A short key for the pad rectangles.
AELVAY colours
#DFD9D2 ground, #B1A497 muscle fill, #251A12 lines and labels, #B56A5C pad positions.
Desktop composition
Two figures side by side (front / back), 3:2 or 16:9, labels in the outer margins.
Mobile composition
Stack the two figures vertically, or show front view with the key below; 3:4; type ≥ 11px.
Dimensions & aspect ratio
≥ 2400px wide, or vector. 3:2 / 16:9 desktop, 3:4 mobile.
Text-safe area
Outer 6% clear; keep leader lines inside the frame.
Caption
The main body muscle groups EMS can target, and where the pads typically sit.
Alt text
A front-and-back illustration of the body muscle groups EMS targets, with example pad positions.
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Often confused

EMS and Microcurrent compared

Both are electrical facial treatments and are easy to mix up. They are different technologies, and neither replaces the other.

EMS Microcurrent
Current level EMSStrong enough to fire motor nerves MicrocurrentFar lower — sub-sensory microamps
What you feel EMSA rhythmic tapping contraction MicrocurrentLittle to nothing
Muscle response EMSVisible, deliberate contractions MicrocurrentNo visible contraction
Main focus EMSActive muscle stimulation, tone and definition MicrocurrentSkin cells and resting muscle tone
The experience EMSActive and worked MicrocurrentGentle and subtle
Used together EMSComplementary — different jobs MicrocurrentComplementary — different jobs

Used together, they cover more — EMS trains the muscle, microcurrent works at the skin and cell level.

The research

Backed by science

  • Randomized Controlled clinical research
  • 108 Participants in the facial RCT
  • 18.6% Facial muscle-thickness gain over 12 weeks
  • Decades Of clinical NMES use for the body

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is one of the most established technologies in physiotherapy and sports science — used for decades to strengthen muscle, prevent wasting and rebuild strength after injury or surgery, with a large randomized-trial and systematic-review base for the body. Applied to the face, it has been studied in randomized controlled trials for muscle thickness, skin elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and sagging, facial volume and blood flow.

More on the evidence and its limits

Face. In a randomized controlled facial NMES trial of 108 participants, ultrasound measurement showed an 18.6% increase in the thickness of the zygomaticus major — a principal mid-face lifting muscle — after 12 weeks, and more than 80% of participants reported improvement in firmness, tone and lift. A separate 8-week controlled split-face study reported improved skin elasticity, a reduced appearance of wrinkles and sagging, measurable changes in facial volume and increased facial blood flow on the treated side.

Body. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses find that NMES produces meaningful gains in muscle strength and size — particularly in the quadriceps — in healthy adults and in people recovering from knee surgery, immobilisation, COPD or critical illness, where voluntary training is limited. Effects are largest when EMS supplements, rather than replaces, voluntary exercise.

What to keep in mind: many facial-EMS studies are small and short, and it is hard to separate the electrical effect from the massage, the conductive gel and any skincare used alongside it. On the body, EMS adds to training but does not replace it. A toning or conditioning effect is maintained by continued use, like any training. This is general education, not medical advice — anyone with a heart condition, an implanted electronic device, epilepsy, or who is pregnant should speak to a healthcare professional first.

Research credibility graphic to addA restrained infographic behind the figures — randomized research, 108 participants, an 18.6% increase in muscle thickness over 12 weeks.Shopify field: “study_graphic”
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A restrained editorial infographic behind the credibility figures — randomized controlled research, 108 participants, an 18.6% measured increase in muscle thickness over 12 weeks, and 8–12 week studied routines. E.g. a simple before/after bar for muscle thickness plus small icon stats.
Style
Flat #DFD9D2 ground, #251A12 type, one #7F7163 accent. No photos, no logos, round and honest figures only, clearly labelled as study results.
Illustration view
Landscape — the headline 18.6% figure left, the supporting bar / participant and timeline stats right.
AELVAY colours
#DFD9D2, #251A12, #7F7163 accent, optional #B56A5C for the single key bar.
Desktop composition
16:9, full content width.
Mobile composition
Re-flow to 4:5 — headline figure above the bar; numbers stay large.
Dimensions & aspect ratio
≥ 2400 × 1350px, or vector. 16:9 desktop / 4:5 mobile.
Text-safe area
6% margin; nothing in the outer 5%.
Caption
Facial EMS, measured: muscle thickness, elasticity, wrinkles, sagging, facial volume and blood flow.
Alt text
A graphic summarising the randomized controlled research behind facial EMS.
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In practice

Using EMS at home

Exact session length, frequency, intensity and electrical settings stay with each individual device and each body area. These are the principles that apply to any EMS routine.

  1. Start with clean, dry skin. Apply the conductive gel or water-based pads the device specifies — EMS will not conduct well on dry skin.
  2. Position the contacts as the device's placement guide shows — over the belly of the muscle for the body, along the guided paths for the face.
  3. Begin at the lowest intensity and increase gradually to a level that feels active but comfortable. You always control the dial.
  4. Let the muscle contract and release with the pulses; a visible or palpable twitch is normal and expected.
  5. Follow the session length, frequency and intensity in the guide supplied with your device — these are set for that specific product and body area.
  6. Keep the current away from the chest, the front of the neck and the spine.
  7. Rinse off the gel, clean the contacts, and store the device dry.
  8. Be consistent, and give a worked muscle a day to recover. Like any training, EMS works through repetition over time.

What EMS feels like

EMS feels like a rhythmic tapping, fluttering or tightening, and you will usually see or feel the muscle move while the current is on. On the body the sensation is stronger and the contraction more obvious; on the face it is lighter and more precise. It should never be sharp or painful — if it is, lower the intensity or check the gel and contact.

Straight after a session the treated area often looks and feels firmer and more awake. That immediate effect settles within a few hours, while the trained-in change builds over weeks.

Treatment demonstration video to addA short real demonstration of an EMS session, from preparing the skin to a controlled contraction and finishing the treatment.Shopify field: “demonstration_video”
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Shows
A short real demonstration of an EMS session — prepare skin → apply the conductive product if required → position the device → select a comfortable intensity → a controlled contraction with the muscle visibly responding → finish the treatment → clean the device.
Subject / scene
The same minimal AELVAY space as the hero. One person, natural skin, relaxed. No voiceover.
Camera angle
A few locked-off shots — a wide establishing frame, a mid on the hands and the conductive gel, a close on the jaw / cheek with the muscle contracting.
Framing
The working area and the device always readable; keep the contraction visible in at least one shot.
Lighting
Warm, soft, even; nothing clinical-blue.
AELVAY colours
Neutrals; any device light warm.
Desktop composition
16:9, full-width, muted autoplay loop or click-to-play.
Mobile composition
Provide a 9:16 vertical version if possible; otherwise 16:9 letterboxed cleanly.
Dimensions & aspect ratio
16:9 (and optional 9:16).
Video duration
15–30s. MP4 H.264, ≤ 20MB, 1080p, silent or soft ambient only.
Text-safe area
Lower third clear for an optional caption.
Caption
Prepare, position, and let the muscle do the work.
Alt text
A person using an AELVAY EMS device through a full treatment.
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Common questions

Frequently asked

What is EMS?

EMS stands for Electrical Muscle Stimulation. It uses controlled electrical impulses, delivered through electrodes on the skin, to activate the nerves that move your muscles and produce targeted contractions. On the face it works as a workout for the muscles that support tone, lift and definition.

How does facial EMS work?

A pulse travels from the electrodes to the motor nerve of the muscle beneath, briefly triggering it. The muscle contracts and releases, many times a second. Repeated over a course of sessions, this works the facial muscles far more than everyday expression does.

What does EMS feel like?

A rhythmic tapping, fluttering or tingling, with a visible or palpable muscle twitch. It should feel active but never sharp or painful — you control the intensity and start low.

Should facial muscles visibly move?

Yes. A gentle, rhythmic contraction is the point of EMS and a sign it is working. If you feel nothing, the intensity may be too low or the skin too dry; if it feels harsh, turn it down.

Is body EMS the same technology as facial EMS?

The mechanism is identical — a pulse activates the motor nerve and contracts the muscle. Body devices use stronger settings and larger pads for bigger muscles; facial devices are gentler and more precise for the small muscles of the face.

What is the difference between EMS and Microcurrent?

EMS uses enough current to fire the motor nerve and produce a noticeable muscle contraction. Microcurrent uses a far lower, sub-sensory current, usually feels gentler and does not create obvious contractions — it works more at the level of the skin and resting muscle tone. They are different technologies that can complement each other.

Can EMS improve facial tone and definition?

It is designed to. By contracting the facial muscles directly and repeatedly, EMS supports muscle tone the way resistance training supports tone elsewhere in the body. Controlled trials report gains in muscle thickness and in self-rated firmness and lift.

Can EMS help the appearance of sagging?

The muscles under the skin help hold facial tissue in place, and strengthening them can help counter a loosened, downward look. An 8-week controlled study reported a reduced appearance of sagging and improved jawline definition on the treated side.

Can EMS build muscle on the body?

It can add training stimulus. Systematic reviews find that NMES increases muscle strength and size, especially in the quadriceps, in healthy adults and in people whose voluntary training is limited by injury, surgery or illness. It works best alongside normal exercise rather than instead of it.

Is EMS a replacement for exercise?

No. EMS is a supplement — a way to add muscle activation, work hard-to-reach groups, or keep conditioning going on a rest or recovery day. It does not train the heart, lungs or coordination the way movement does.

How long before results may become visible?

A freshened, subtly lifted look is often visible straight after a session. Measurable changes in muscle and skin are typically assessed after 8 to 12 weeks of regular use.

How often is EMS normally used?

Most facial-EMS routines are short sessions several times a week, building toward near-daily use within the device's own limit. Consistency matters more than long sessions, and more is not better — the muscle needs recovery too.

Is conductive gel required?

Usually yes. Most facial EMS needs a conductive gel or water-based medium to carry the current safely and comfortably; it will not work well on dry skin. Follow the instructions for your specific device.

Where on the body can EMS be used?

The larger muscle groups — abdomen and core, glutes, thighs, calves, arms, and the back and shoulders. Follow the pad-placement guide for your device and keep the current away from the chest, the front of the neck and the spine.

Can I use EMS after a workout?

Yes. A gentle, low-frequency session after training is a common way to use EMS for recovery — easing soreness and supporting circulation as the muscle settles.

Can EMS be combined with light therapy?

Yes. They work on different things — EMS on the muscle, light therapy on the skin and cells — so many people use them in the same routine. Light therapy first on clean skin, then EMS with its gel, is a common order.

Can all genders use EMS?

Yes. The neuromuscular pathway EMS activates is the same for everyone. Facial EMS is for all skin tones and all genders.

Who should check with a healthcare professional before using EMS?

Anyone with a pacemaker, implanted defibrillator or other implanted electronic device; a heart-rhythm or cardiovascular condition; epilepsy; or who is pregnant. Also check first if you have significant metal implants or dental metalwork near the treatment area, an active skin infection or undiagnosed lump, or a recent facial injectable, thread or laser treatment.

Which AELVAY EMS device should I choose?

AELVAY's EMS range is currently in development. This page will connect to the right device — with its own routine and settings — as soon as one is available.

Research and references
  1. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for facial wrinkles and sagging: an 8-week prospective, split-face, controlled trial. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2024.
  2. Randomized controlled trial of facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation: zygomaticus-major muscle thickness and self-reported firmness (108 participants, 12 weeks).
  3. Maffiuletti NA. Physiological and methodological considerations for the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010;110(2):223–234.
  4. Doucet BM, Lam A, Griffin L. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for skeletal muscle function. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 2012;85(2):201–215.
  5. Cleveland Clinic. Electrical muscle stimulation and functional electrical stimulation (health information articles).
  6. Consumer and clinical electrical-stimulation education from established at-home facial-device brands, including JOVS, HigherDOSE and Suēle, was also reviewed. Full page references and research notes are held in AELVAY's internal research record.